美国学生世界历史(上下册)

出版时间:2012-12  出版社:天津人民出版社  作者:维吉尔·M·希利尔  页数:全2册  字数:600000  
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前言

IN common with all children of my age, I was brought up on American History and given no other history but American, year in and year out, year after year for eight or more years.So far as I knew 1492 was the beginning of the world. Any events or characters before that time, reference to which I encountered by any chance, were put down in my mind in the same category with fairy-tales. Christ and His times, of which I heard only in Sunday-school, were to me mere fiction without reality. They were not mentioned in any history that I knew and therefore, so I thought, must belong not to a realm in time and space, but to a spiritual realm.To give an American child only American History is as provincial as to teach a Texas child only Texas History. Patriotism is usually given as the reason for such history teaching. It only promotes a narrow-mindedness and an absurd conceit, based on utter ignorance of any other peoples and any other times—an intolerant egotism without foundation in fact. Since World War I, it has become increasingly more and more important that American children should have a knowledge of other countries and other peoples in order that their attitude may be intelligent and unprejudiced.As young as nine years of age, a child is eagerly inquisitive as to what has taken place in the ages past and readily grasps a concept of World History. Therefore, for many years Calvert School nine-year-old pupils have been taught World History in spite of academic and parental skepticism and antagonism.But I have watched the gradual drift toward adoption of this plan of history teaching, and with it an ever-increasing demand for a text-book of general history for young children. I have found, however, that all existing text-books have to be largely abridged and also supplemented by a running explanation and comment, to make them intelligible to the young child.The recent momentous studies into the native intelligence of children show us what the average child at different ages can understand and what he cannot understand—what dates, figures of speech, vocabulary, generalities, and abstractions he can comprehend and what he cannot comprehend—and in the future all textbooks will have to be written with constant regard for these intelligence norms. Otherwise, such texts are very likely to be “over the child’s head.” They will be trying to teach him some things at least that, in the nature of the case, are beyond him.In spite of the fact that the writer has been in constant contact with the child mind for a great many years, he has found that whatever was written in his study had to be revised and rewritten each time after the lesson had been tried out in the class-room. Even though the first writing was in what he considered the simplest language, he has found that each and every word and expression has had to be subjected again and again to this classroom test to determine what meaning is conveyed. The slightest inverted phraseology or possibility of double meaning has often-times been misconstrued or found confusing. For instance, the statement that “Rome was on the Tiber River” has quite commonly been taken to mean that the city was literally built on top of the river, and the child has had some sort of fantastic vision of houses built on piles in the river. A child of nine is still very young—he may still believe in Santa Claus—younger in ideas, in vocabulary and in understanding than most adults appreciate—even though they be parents or teachers—and new information can hardly be put too simply.So the topics selected have not always been the most important—but the most important that can be understood and appreciated by a child. Most political, sociological, economic, or religious generalities are beyond a child’s comprehension, no matter how simply told. After all, this History is only a preliminary story.Excellent biographies and stories from general history have been written. But biographies from history do not give an historic outline. They do not give any outline at all for future filling in; and, indeed, unless they themselves are fitted into such a general historical scheme, they are nothing more than so many disconnected tales floating about in the child’s mind with no associations of time or space.The treatment of the subject in this book is, therefore, chronological—telling the story of what has happened century by century and epoch by epoch, not by nations. The story of one nation is interrupted to take up that of another as different plots in a novel are brought forward simultaneously. This is in line with the purpose, which is to give the pupil a continuous view or panorama of the ages rather than Greek History from start to finish then, retracing the steps of time, Roman History, and so on. The object is to sketch the whole picture in outline, leaving the details to be gradually filled in by later study, as the artist sketches the general scheme of his picture before filling in the details. Such a scheme is as necessary to orderly classification of historical knowledge as is a filing system in any office that can function properly or even at all.The Staircase of Time is to give a visual idea of the extent of time and the progressive steps in the History of the World. Each “flight” represents a thousand years, and each “step” a hundred—a century. If you have a spare wall, either in the play-room, attic, or barn such a Staircase of Time on a large scale may be drawn upon it from floor to reaching height and made a feature if elaborated with pictures or drawings of people and events. If the wall faces the child’s bed so much the better, for when lying awake in the morning or at any other time, instead of imagining fantastic designs on the wallpaper, he may picture the crowded events on the Staircase of Time. At any rate, the child should constantly refer either to such a Staircase of Time or to the Time Table as each event is studied, until he has a mental image of the Ages past.At first a child does not appreciate time values represented by numbers or the relative position of dates on a time line and will wildly say twenty-five hundred B.C. or twenty-five thousand B.C. or twenty-five million B.C. indiscriminately. Only by constantly referring dates to position on the Staircase of Time or the Time Table can a child come to visualize dates. You may be amused, but do not be amazed, if a child gives 776 thousand years A.D. as the date for the First Olympiad, or says that Italy is located in Athens, or that Abraham was a hero of the Trojan War.If you have ever been introduced to a roomful of strangers at one time, you know how futile it is to attempt even to remember their names to say nothing of connecting names and faces. It is necessary to hear something interesting about each one before you can begin to recall names and faces. Likewise an introduction to World History, the characters and places in which are utterly unknown strangers to the child, must be something more than a mere name introduction, and there must be very few introductions given at a time or both names and faces will be instantly forgotten. It is also necessary to repeat new names constantly in order that the pupil may gradually become familiarized with them, for so many strange people and places are bewildering.In order to serve the purpose of a basal outline, which in the future is to be filled in, it is necessary that the Time Table be made a permanent possession of the pupil. This Time Table, therefore, should be studied like the multiplication tables until it is known one hundred per cent and for “keeps,” and until the topic connected with each date can be elaborated as much as desired. The aim should be to have the pupil able to start with Primitive Man and give a summary of World History to the present time, with dates and chief events without prompting, questioning, hesitation, or mistake. Does this seem too much to expect? It is not as difficult as it may sound, if suggestions given in the text for connecting the various events into a sequence and for passing names and events in a condensed review are followed. Hundreds of Calvert children each year are successfully required to do this very thing.The attitude, however, usually assumed by teachers, that “even if the pupil forgets it all, there will be left a valuable impression,” is too often an apology for superficial teaching and superficial learning. History may be made just as much a “mental discipline” as some other studies, but only if difficulties of dates and other abstractions are squarely met and overcome by hard study and learned to be remembered, not merely to be forgotten after the recitation. The story part the child will easily remember, but it is the “who and when and where and why” that are important, and this part is the serious study. Instead of,“A man, once upon a time,” he should say, “King John in 1215 at Runnymede because—”This book, therefore, is not a supplementary reader but a basal history study. Just enough narrative is told to give the skeleton flesh and blood and make it living. The idea is not how much but how little can be told; to cut down one thousand pages to less than half of that number without leaving only dry bones.No matter how the subject is presented it is necessary that the child do his part and put his own brain to work; and for this purpose he should be required to retell each story after he has read it and should be repeatedly questioned on names and dates as well as stories, to make sure he is retaining and assimilating what he hears.I recall how once upon a time a young chap, just out of college, taught his first class in history. With all the enthusiasm of a full-back who has just kicked a goal from field, he talked, he sang; he drew maps on the blackboard, on the floor, on the field; he drew pictures, he vaulted desks, and even stood on his head to illustrate points. His pupils attended spellbound, with their eyes wide open, their ears wide open, and their mouths wide open. They missed nothing. They drank in his flow of words with thirst unquenched; but, like Baron Munchausen, he had failed to look at the other end of the drinking horse that had been cut in half. At the end of a month his kindly principal suggested a test, and he gave it with perfect confidence.There were only three questions:1. Tell all you can about Columbus.2. Tell all you can about Jamestown.3. Tell all you can about Plymouth.And here are the three answers of one of the most interested pupils:1. He was a great man.2. He was a great man.3. He was a great man to1.与当时所有和我同龄的孩子一样,我也是学习“美国历史”长大的,当时的教育只讲美国的历史,就这样年复一年地学了八年甚至更长的时间。按照我当时的知识,世界历史是从1492年开始的,如果我偶然听到或读到别人提及1492年以前的事和人,我就会认为这都属于童话一类的故事。那些只有在主日学校里才能听到的有关基督和他的时代的故事,在我看来都是人想象出来的,并不是真的。在我所读的历史书中,这些故事从没被提到过,所以我就认为它不属于真实的时空领域,而只存在于人们的想象之中。给美国孩子只讲美国历史,就像只教得克萨斯州的孩子得克萨斯州的历史一样褊狭。人们通常用爱国主义来解释这样的历史教育,但这样的教育只能让人变得胸襟狭窄,狂妄自大,因为它建立在对其他民族和其他时代一无所知的基础上——这是一种虚妄的、偏执的自我主义。第一次世界大战以后,人们越来越认识到美国孩子应该对其他国家和民族有所了解, 有了这方面的了解,他们看问题才能有明智的态度,不带偏见。孩子从9岁开始就迫切地想知道过去时代所发生的事,欣然领会世界历史的概念。因此,多年以来卡尔弗特学校的学生从9岁开始就上世界历史课了,尽管有些教师和孩子的父母表示怀疑和反对,但我注意到,人们渐渐接受了这样的历史教学计划。随着这种态度的转变,对世界通史儿童读本的需求日益增长。然而,我发现,为了便于孩子理解,所有现行的历史课本,都需要大幅度删节,并且还要补充不断的解释和评论。最近对孩子天生智力的一些重大研究让我们知道,一个普通孩子处于不同的年龄时什么是他可以理解的,什么是他无法理解的;哪些日期、修辞格、词汇、一般原则和抽象概念他能理解,哪些他无法理解——将来所有的课本在编撰时都必须始终考虑到这些智力标准。否则,这样的课本很可能超过孩子的理解能力,孩子学习这样的课本,至少有些内容他肯定看不懂。尽管作者多年来不断接触到孩子的智力问题,他发现每次课文在课堂上试讲后,他在书斋里所写的那些东西还是不得不修改甚至重写。尽管作者自认初稿用的是最浅白的语言,他还是发现每个词语和短语都必须先在课堂上反复试用,然后才能确定这些词和短语向孩子传达了什么意思。措词稍有倒装或可能存在歧义或多义都会引起孩子们的误解和困惑。比如说:“罗马城在台伯河畔”,由于这句话在英语中用了介词“on”,就很容易被理解成城市就建在河上,而且孩子们还会异想天开,想象罗马的房子都建在水里的木桩上。一个9岁的孩子还很幼稚——他可能依然坚信有圣诞老人的存在——他在观念、词汇和理解能力方面比大多数成年人意识到的还要幼稚——即使这些成年人是他们的父母或老师。因此,新知识表述得越简明易懂越好。因此,课本中选择的题材并不总是最重要的,最重要的是里面的内容孩子们能看懂并感兴趣。无论文字叙述多么简单易懂,大多数的政治学、社会学、经济学和宗教上的一般原则都超出了孩子们理解力。毕竟,这本历史课本只是对历史的初步叙述。《美国学生世界历史》撰写了世界历史中极为精彩的传记和故事,但历史中的这些传记无法勾勒出历史轮廓,也根本不能为孩子们将来补充历史知识提供一个大纲;事实上,如果不能将这些传记纳入历史发展的总纲里,这些传记只不过是浮现在孩子们脑海里的许多孤立的故事,与时间或空间没有丝毫联系。因此《美国学生世界历史》按照时间的顺序来论述题材——一个世纪接一个世纪、一个时代接一个时代地述说历史事件,而不是按照各个国家的顺序。一个国家的历史叙述还没有结束就停下来,又开始了另一个国家的历史叙述,就像小说里让不同的情节同步展开一样。这样做和编撰本书的目的是一致的——就是让小学生们看到各个时代连续的全景图,而不是把希腊历史从头到尾说一遍,然后从时间上返回来,再讲述罗马历史,这样不断继续下去。本书的宗旨就是要勾勒出整个历史画面的轮廓,而详情则有待孩子们在以后的学习中逐渐补充,就像画家先粗略勾勒出草图,然后再补充细节。要把历史知识有条理地归类,需要这样一幅轮廓图,就像任何一个运作平稳有序的办公室,需要一个能将各类文件归档的系统。《美国学生世界历史》的时间阶梯是要让孩子们在直观上了解时间的长度和世界历史发展的阶段。每一段阶梯代表一千年,每一个台阶代表一百年,也就是一个世纪。如果你有一面空墙,不管是在游戏室、阁楼还是谷仓里,你可以将“时间阶梯”放大画在墙上,从地面一直画到手够得着的高度。如果再精心配上有人物和历史事件的图片或绘画,那就很有特色,更吸引人了。如果这面墙正对着孩子的床,那就更好了。因为早晨或其他时间孩子醒来躺在床上时,他就可以不去想象墙纸上稀奇古怪的图案,时间阶梯里挤满的历史事件足以让他构想出各种情景。无论怎样,在学习每一个历史事件的时候,孩子就应当不断参考这样一个时间阶梯或时间表,久而久之,过去时代的印象就会留在他脑海中。开始,孩子们领会不到历史年表上数字表达的时间长度或各个时期的相应顺序,会将公元前2500年、公元前25000年和公元前2500万年混为一谈。孩子们只有不断地将历史时期归入到时间阶梯或时间表里相应位置。这些时期才能在他脑子里形成具体的印象。如果一个孩子说公元776000年举办了第一届奥运会,或者意大利位于雅典,亚伯拉罕是特洛伊战争的英雄,你可能会觉得好笑,但千万不要感到惊讶。如果有人一次介绍你认识一屋子的陌生人,你知道记住他们的名字根本就是徒劳,更不用提将他们的名字和长相对应起来。在记住他们的名字和长相之前,你听一点每个人的趣事是很有必要的。同样,讲述世界历史,就不能仅仅介绍人名和地名,因为这些对于孩子来说就像是不认识的陌生人;而且,一次还不能介绍太多,否则他马上就把“名字”和“长相”都忘掉了。为了让小学生逐渐熟悉新名字,不断重复新的人名和地名也是必要的,因为,这么陌生的人物和地点是令人困惑的。一个基础的历史大纲应当在将来不断被填充。为了达到这个目的,有必要让学生把时间表完全记住,终身不忘。因此应当像学习乘法表那样去学习这个时间表,直到学生能百分之百地记住,永久不忘,直到学生能像所希望的那样详尽地讲述与每个时期有关的主题。我们的目标就是要让学生在没有别人提示和提问的情况下,自己能够不犹豫,不犯错地从原始人开始,把从古至今的世界历史概述一遍,包括其中重要的历史时期和事件。这个目标是不是听起来期望过高了?如果采用课本所给的建议,把各个历史事件按先后顺序联系在一起,再把重要的历史人物和事件集中复习一遍,那么达到这个目标就没有听起来那么难了。每年卡尔维特学校数百名孩子都按照要求成功地达到了这个目标。然而,教师通常持有这样的看法:“即使学生忘记了所有的内容,脑子里总要留下一点有价值的印象吧。”这种看法常常成为对草率肤浅的教学和不求甚解的学习的辩解。历史课可以和其他学科一样成为一种“智力训练”,但是其前提是:不回避在学习历史年代和抽象概念时遇到的困难,而是正面迎接,通过刻苦的学习克服这些困难,并学会记住这些年代和抽象概念,而不是在背诵之后忘得干干净净。凡是讲故事的内容,孩子总是很容易就记住了。但是,“人物、时间、地点和原因”才是重要的,这部分是需要认真学习的。他不应该说,“从前有个人”,而应该说,“约翰王在1215年在兰尼米德,因为……”因此,这本书不是一本补充读本,而是一本基础历史教科书。书中对历史事件给予了充分的叙述,让历史的“骨架”有了“血肉”,使本书读起来生动有趣。撰写本书考虑的不是篇幅要多么长,而是要多么短,所以把1000页缩短到500页,而留下的内容却不至于是干巴巴的骨头。无论历史在本书中是怎样被呈现的,孩子都必须尽自己的努力,学习时多动脑筋思考;为了这个目的,应该在孩子阅读每个故事以后,要求他们复述一遍,应该反复问他们故事的内容和其中的人名和日期,以确保他们记住和吸收了所听到的内容。我回想起很久以前一个大学刚毕业的小伙子教第一堂历史课的情景。他满腔热情,像足球场上刚射入一球的后卫那么兴奋。他又说又唱,把一幅幅地图画在黑板上、地板上、操场上。为了说明要点,他画了一些图,用手支撑跃过一张张课桌,甚至身体倒立。学生们听他的课都入了迷,个个都睁大双眼,竖起耳朵,张着嘴巴。他们全神贯注地听着,如饥似渴地吸收他滔滔不绝的话语。但是这个小伙子就像闵希豪生男爵,只顾着给马饮水,却未能看到马的后半身早已被砍掉。过了一个月,和蔼可亲的校长建议他进行一次测验。他信心十足地出了考卷。考卷上只有三个问题:1. 说说你对哥伦布了解多少。2. 说说你对詹姆斯敦了解多少。3. 说说你对普利茅斯了解多少。下面是其中一个孩子的回答,这个孩子是那些对他的课最感兴趣的学生之一:1. 他是一个卫大的人。2. 他是一个卫大的人。3. 他也是一个卫大的人。

内容概要

  To give the child some idea of what has gone on in the world
before he arrived;
  To take him out of his little self-centered, shut-in life, which
looms so large because it is so close to his eyes;
  To extend his horizon, broaden his view, and open up the visits
down the ages past;
  To acquaint him with some of the big events and great names and
fix these in time and space as a basis for detailed study in the
future;
  To give him a chronological file with main guides, into which he
can fit in its proper place all his further historical study—
  Is the purpose of this first SURVEY OF THE WORLD’S HISTORY.
  ⊙让孩子知道一些他们来到这世界之前就已经发生的事情;
  ⊙带孩子走出以自我为中心、封闭在家的生活,这种生活显得过于重要,因为太贴近,就成为孩子们眼中的一切,使他们看不到外面的世界;
  ⊙开阔孩子的眼界,拓宽他们的视野,将过去时代的历史画面展现在他们面前;
  ⊙让他们熟悉历史上一些重大事件和伟人的名字,并把这些事和人在时间和空间上确定下来,作为将来系统学习的基础;
  ⊙向孩子提供一份历史编年档案,并附有要览,这样他们今后学习历史就可以参照这份档案。
  以上所述就是写这第一本世界历史故事的宗旨。
  ——维吉尔?M?希利尔(卡尔佛特首任校长,本书作者)

作者简介

  维吉尔·M·希利尔(Virgil Mores
Hillyer,1875-1931)1875年出生于美国马萨诸塞州韦茅斯,他在华盛顿特区的“国会山”度过其童年,毕业于美国哈佛大学。他是美国著名教育家、卡尔佛特学校首任校长、美国家庭学校(HOMESCHOOL)课程体系创建者。
  作为一位教育革新者,希利尔在美国国内和国际上获得了广泛声誉和影响力。他从事教育工作的同时,亲自为孩子们编写教材,在课堂上试讲并修订,受到学校和学生们的赞誉,不少教材至今仍被学校使用。如《美国学生世界地理》、《美国学生世界历史》、《美国学生艺术史》等。他一直探索家庭学校教育理念并设计其课程体系,写作了一本家庭学校教育手册——《在家教出好孩子》,成为父母教育孩子的指南。

书籍目录

01 How Things Started ◆ 万物起源
02 People Who Lived in Caves ◆ 穴居人
03 Fire! Fire!! Fire!!! ◆ 火!火!火!
04 From an Airplane ◆ 从飞机上往下看
05 Real History Begins ◆ 真正的历史从此开始
06 The Puzzle Writers in Egypt ◆ 埃及之谜的作者
07 The Tomb Builders ◆ 建造陵墓的人
08 A Rich Land Where There Was No Money ◆ 没有钱的富饶之地
09 The Jews Search For a Home ◆ 寻找家园的犹太人
10 Fairy-Tale Gods ◆ 神话故事中的众神
11 A Fairy-Tale War ◆ 神话故事中的战争
12 The Kings of the Jews ◆ 犹太国王
13 The People Who Made Our ABC’s ◆ 发明字母ABC 的人
14 Hard as Nails ◆ 像铁钉一样坚硬
15 The Crown of Leaves ◆ 桂冠
16 A Bad Beginning ◆ 邪恶的开端
17 Kings with Corkscrew Curls ◆ 长着螺旋形卷发的国王们
18 A City of Wonders and Wickedness ◆ 奇迹和邪恶并存的城市
19 A Surprise Party ◆ 遭到突袭的宴会
20 The Other Side of the World: India ◆ 世界的另一边:印度
21 All the Way Around the World in China ◆ 中国人的世界
22 Rich Man, Poor Man ◆ 雅典的富人和穷人
23 Rome Kicks Out Her Kings ◆ 罗马人撵走了国王
24 Greece vs. Persia ◆ 希腊对波斯
25 Fighting Mad ◆ 战争狂
26 One Against a Thousand ◆ 以一挡千
27 The Golden Age ◆ 黄金时代
28 When Greek Meets Greek ◆ 当希腊人遇上希腊人
29 Wise Men and Otherwise ◆ 智者和愚人
30 A Boy King ◆ 少年国王
31 Picking a Fight ◆ 寻衅斗殴
32 The Boot Kicks and Stamps ◆ 靴子的反击和践踏
33 The New Champion of the World ◆ 新的世界冠军
34 The Noblest Roman of Them All ◆ 罗马人中的最高贵者
35 An Emperor Who Was Made a God ◆ 被看做神明的皇帝
36 “ Thine is the Kingdom, the Power, and the Glory”
“国度、权柄、荣耀,全是你的”
37 Blood and Thunder ◆ 血和雷
38 A Good Emperor and a Bad Son ◆ 好皇帝和他的坏儿子
39 I_H_ _S_ _ _ _V_ _ _ _ _ ◆ 靠服
40 Barbarian Invaders ◆ 野蛮的入侵者
41 Barbarians Meet the Champions of the World ◆
野蛮人遭遇世界霸主
42 New Places—New Heroes ◆ 新地方,新英雄
43 Being Good ◆ 为 善
44 A Christian Kingdom in Africa ◆ 非洲的一个基督教王国
45 Muhammad and the Early Years of Islam ◆ 穆罕默德和初期的伊斯兰教
46 Arabian Days ◆ 阿拉伯时代
47 Two Empires, Two Emperors ◆ 两个帝国,两个皇帝
48 Getting a Start ◆ 启 动
49 The End of the World ◆ 世界末日
50 Real Castles ◆ 真正的城堡
51 Knights and Days of Chivalry ◆ 骑士和骑士制度时期
52 A Pirate’s Great Grandson ◆ 海盗有个了不起的孙子
53 A Great Adventure ◆ 一次伟大的历险
54 Tick-Tack-Toe; Three Kings in a Row
画“连城”游戏,三个国王成一行
55 Three Kingdoms in West Africa ◆ 西非三个王国
56 Bibles Made of Stone and Glass ◆ 石头和玻璃制作的《圣经》
57 John, Whom Nobody Loved ◆ 没人喜欢的约翰
58 A Great Story Teller ◆ 一位了不起的讲故事的人
59 A Magic Needle and A Magic Powder ◆“ 魔针”和“魔粉”
60 Thelon Gest Wart Hate Verwas ◆ 历史上时间最长的战争
61 Print and Powder ◆ 印刷术和火药——新旧时代的交替
62 A Sailor Who Found a New World ◆ 一个发现“新”大陆的水手
63 Fortune Hunters ◆ 寻找财富的探险家
64 The Search for Gold and Adventure ◆ 寻金和探险
65 Along the Coast of East Africa ◆ 沿着东非海岸
66 Rebirth ◆ 再 生
67 Christians Quarrel ◆ 基督徒的争吵
68 Queen Elizabeth ◆ 伊丽莎白女王
69 The Age of Elizabeth ◆ 伊丽莎白时代
70 James the Servant ◆ 仆人詹姆斯
71 A King Who Lost His Head ◆ 掉了脑袋的国王
72 Red Cap and Red Heels ◆ 红帽子和红鞋跟
73 A Self-Made Man ◆ 靠自己奋斗成功的人
74 A Prince Who Ran Away ◆ 逃跑的王子
75 America Gets Rid of Her King ◆ 美国摆脱了国王
76 Upside Down ◆ 天翻地覆
77 A Little Giant ◆ 矮小的巨人
78 Latin America and the Caribbean Islands ◆
拉丁美洲和加勒比海群岛
79 From Pan and His Pipes to the Phonograph ◆
从森林之神的排箫到留声机
80 The Daily Papers of 1854-1865 ◆ 1854-1865 年的日报
81 Three New Postage Stamps ◆ 三张新邮票
82 The Age of Miracles ◆ 产生奇迹的时代
83 A Different Kind of Revolution ◆ 另一种革命
84 A World at War ◆ 陷入战争的世界
85 A Short Twenty Years ◆ 短短二十年
86 Modern Barbarians ◆ 现代“野蛮人”
87 Fighting the Dictators ◆ 对抗独裁者
88 A New Spirit in the World ◆ 世界新精神
89 Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow ◆ 昨天、今天、明天

章节摘录

版权页:   插图:   THE first things are usually the most interesting-the first baby, the first tooth, the first step, the first word, the first spanking. This book will be chiefly the story of first things; those that came second or third or fourth or fifth you can read about and study later. Primitive people did not at first know what fire was. They had no matches nor any way of making a light or a fire. They had no light at night. They had no fire to warm themselves by. They had no fire with which to cook their food. Somewhere and sometime, we do not know exactly when or how, they found out how to make and use fire. If you rub your hands together rapidly, they become warm. Try it. If you rub them together still more rapidly, they become hot. If you rub two sticks together rapidly, they become warm. If you rub them together still more rapidly, they become hot. If you rub two sticks together very, very, very rapidly, they become hot and at last, if you keep it up long enough and fast enough, are set on fire. Native Americans and Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts do this and make a fire by twisting one stick against another.

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《美国学生世界历史(套装上下册)(英汉双语版)》撰写了世界历史中极为精彩的传记和故事,但历史中的这些传记无法勾勒出历史轮廓,也根本不能为孩子们将来补充历史知识提供一个大纲;事实上,如果不能将这些传记纳入历史发展的总纲里,这些传记只不过是浮现在孩子们脑海里的许多孤立的故事,与时间或空间没有丝毫联系。因此《美国学生世界历史(套装上下册)(英汉双语版)》按照时间的顺序来论述题材——一个世纪接一个世纪、一个时代接一个时代地述说历史事件,而不是按照各个国家的顺序。一个国家的历史叙述还没有结束就停下来,又开始了另一个国家的历史叙述,就像小说里让不同的情节同步展开一样。这样做和编撰《美国学生世界历史(套装上下册)(英汉双语版)》的目的是一致的——就是让小学生们看到各个时代连续的全景图,而不是把希腊历史从头到尾说一遍,然后从时间上返回来,再讲述罗马历史,这样不断继续下去。《美国学生世界历史(套装上下册)(英汉双语版)》的宗旨就是要勾勒出整个历史画面的轮廓,而详情则有待孩子们在以后的学习中逐渐补充,就像画家先粗略勾勒出草图,然后再补充细节。要把历史知识有条理地归类,需要这样一幅轮廓图,就像任何一个运作平稳有序的办公室,需要一个能将各类文件归档的系统。《美国学生世界历史(套装上下册)(英汉双语版)》的时间阶梯是要让孩子们在直观上了解时间的长度和世界历史发展的阶段。每一段阶梯代表一千年,每一个台阶代表一百年,也就是一个世纪。如果你有一面空墙,不管是在游戏室、阁楼还是谷仓里,你可以将“时间阶梯”放大画在墙上,从地面一直画到手够得着的高度。如果再精心配上有人物和历史事件的图片或绘画,那就很有特色,更吸引人了。如果这面墙正对着孩子的床,那就更好了。因为早晨或其他时间孩子醒来躺在床上时,他就可以不去想象墙纸上稀奇古怪的图案,时间阶梯里挤满的历史事件足以让他构想出各种情景。无论怎样,在学习每一个历史事件的时候,孩子就应当不断参考这样一个时间阶梯或时间表,久而久之,过去时代的印象就会留在他脑海中。开始,孩子们领会不到历史年表上数字表达的时间长度或各个时期的相应顺序,会将公元前2500年、公元前25000年和公元前2500万年混为一谈。孩子们只有不断地将历史时期归入到时间阶梯或时间表里相应位置。这些时期才能在他脑子里形成具体的印象。如果一个孩子说公元776000年举办了第一届奥运会,或者意大利位于雅典,亚伯拉罕是特洛伊战争的英雄,你可能会觉得好笑,但千万不要感到惊讶。

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    美国学生世界历史(上下册) PDF格式下载


用户评论 (总计95条)

 
 

  •   《美国学生学世界历史.,让我了解国外的教学情况。其它的书是孩子需要的。
  •   双语版的美国中小学历史教材,希望增强孩子学习英文的兴趣
  •   美国学者专为本国学生了解世界而编辑的一套历史书,内容通俗易懂,单词的难度适中,最重要是西方学者写书客观成分相对多一点,更重视客观史料的收集,这也许是中国学者编辑历史书籍要借鉴的方面吧。
  •   这款翻译没有《希利尔讲世界历史》翻译的好,不过要学英文,所以中文就忽略不计了,另外,提供的网站下载的音频文件尚不齐全。
  •   买给姐姐家上初中的孩子。这套书真的写得非常适合孩子看,完全没有枯燥的感觉,这样学历史当然能学好了,如果咱们的历史课本都这样就好了。双语版的适合任何程度的孩子,英语也很简单易懂,既能学知识又能学语言。
  •   希利尔校长的文史教材,这是第一套按双语版出版的,非常实用,英语以故事讲述,容易学习,只是词汇量大一点,按照网上下载的MP3文件跟随,十分有用*赞一个!
  •   了解美国是如何教育学生们来客观看待历史的演变
  •   美国的历史,欧洲的历史介绍的很少
  •   内容很好,对了解世界历史知识很有帮助。
  •   介绍的是很浅显的世界历史知识,英语词汇量也较少。适合高中英语水平阅读。
  •   比中国学生的历史好看
  •   给儿子买的,看了看,还可以了解点历史,双语,不错。
  •   对孩子来说, 内容难了, 先收着。MP3都下完了, 打算再来买人类史, 科学史
  •   孩子出国前应该先看看这本书
  •   看了前边3章,内容很有趣,MP3也很不错,可以一边练泛读一边练听力,只是给初中的孩子自己看还是有点难度的,出现了一些高中的语法~~~扩充词汇量很适合。
  •   初一的孩子看有点早。屯着以后看
  •   孩子小,估计看了也不能理解呢,先囤着
  •   这套书全部收存,非常喜欢,是适合孩子和大人都读的好书
  •   讲的很有趣,读的时候可以和孩子适当的互动,孩子非常喜欢听。
  •   美国的教材,很值得你看
  •   刚得到这本书就看了起来,让人沉浸在知识的海洋里,好不痛快!这是一本好书,更是一位好老师!真的非常精彩让人满意!
  •   几年前给儿子买过希利尔系列的中文版,他很喜欢,也颇有收获,现在他长大了,补套英文版的,既是温古又能知新。
  •   It is so great that the boring historical past be***e an interesting story, heat the mind and call the resonance.
  •   非常好看,英文很简单,写得通俗易懂。高一的学生可以轻松阅读。
  •   中美教育是大的趋势。要走向国际 必须阅读这样的书
  •   给学生一种新的视角!
  •   帮别人买的一本书,故事型的书,可读性比较强
  •   引人入胜 ,双语版还可以提高英语水平,
  •   性价比高,黑白图
  •   书很好,中英文一段一段对照,利于阅读,适合中学生
  •   简单易懂,适合双语阅读
  •   纸质不错,而且双语方便阅读~~~
  •   通俗有趣,很不错。而且是双语的。
  •   上下两册包装在一起,透明薄膜是完好的,买来送人的,内容应该不错。速度还行,从下订单到收货用了四天。
  •   这本书的内容很强大,中英文对照看起来也很方便,值得静下心来好好深入的一本书、质量也很好,价钱也合适,前一天下单,第二天就到了,快递速度不是一般的快。
  •   内容还行,就是英语不适合小学生,有点难。
  •   这套书质量一般,两册书一册比另一册大2-3毫米,换货太麻烦,就这样吧。
  •   这是一本很好的书籍,课本很国内的真的不一样啊.......推荐购买!
  •   儿子喜欢,已经看了一本。
  •   中英文对照很好,还有免费的mp3可以下载。。。
  •   服务不错,书的质量也很好
  •   当天就收到了,很快。书也很好。
  •   送货快,书的质量好!满意!
  •   值得和小孩子一起看!不同的观点很重要!
  •   物流真是快啊
  •   好书,又帮朋友买的。
  •   非常好的书。推荐朋友们买。
    也帮朋友买了一套。
  •   知识性,实用性,系统性
  •   内容有趣,中英对照也方便。不过对六年级的小朋友来说,可能要有点耐心才能看。最好是散卖,可以根据自己程度买。
  •   笔触细腻,充满趣味,一气呵成,可见识到著书立说的用心良苦,希冀有更多的读者来品味此书。
  •   服务不错!感谢!
  •   书都是自己爱好买的,第二天就到货了很快,很满意。
  •   内容有点简单,适合我小弟看!!!
  •   喜欢看,支持卖家,赞一个
  •   十分好,速度快,很喜欢,是一本不错的书值得推荐。
  •   很有启发性,文笔不错。
  •   物流配送很快,英文内容通俗易懂,很不错。
  •   朋友推荐的书,还没有认真看,应该不错。
  •   To give the child some idea of what has gone on in the worldbefore he arrived;
      To take him out of his little self-centered, shut-in life, whichlooms so large because it is so close to his eyes;
      To extend his horizon, broaden his view, and open up the visitsdown the ages past;
      To acquaint him with some of the big events and great names andfix these in time and space as a basis for detailed study in thefu***e;
      To give him a chronological file with main guides, into which hecan fit in its proper place all his further historical study—
      Is the purpose of this first SURVEY OF THE WORLD’S HISTORY.
  •   可以用来复习一下英语,书中的故事在初中历史书上已经学过,所以看起来不费劲。但里面插图少,还是单一的黑色,对低年龄的学生吸引不大。
  •   英汉对照,孩子很感兴趣
  •   就是不知道孩子什么时候能看
  •   这是美国原版书籍,再加上中文的翻译,适合高中生阅读。
  •   还不错,值得一看,以后还会再来!
  •   还不错,中英双语的,还可以提高英语水平。
  •   有MP3,果然好,作为阅读本,很好了。
  •   儿子还挺喜欢看的
  •   推荐阅读,.
  •   里面图画是黑白的
  •   这个商品还可以,印刷版本不太喜欢
  •   高小,初中水平,可以当课外读物
  •   还好吧,就是里面的单词有点难
  •   我是买了送人的,应该不错,送货速度也蛮快的,可是我自己买的货是12.10买的,说是12.12到货,可至今没到,本人打电话催促几次都没结果,你们天津的快递是不是该换了啊?!
  •   这本书完全不同于我们上学时的历史教材,是以讲故事的形式,还穿插于现代社会的例子把把很复杂的事情讲得很简单。要是我们上学的时候学了这本书,那时就不会讨厌历史了。另外对于英语一般的我,看起来并不吃力,而且还学到了很多生词,很有意思。另外还要赞一下翻译的水平真的很棒
  •   英文用词都是比较简单的,但是很地道,就是英语专业大学毕业也不见得就全看的懂。录音也是美式的,很好听。书中的内容也很有趣。知识很丰富。学英语又不乏味的好书
  •   是一套不错的书,学了英语,也学到了其他知识 。
  •   除了前言和介绍,主要内容适合孩子,不过还不错。
  •   绝对的物超所值。本来只是买来历史版,结果货到后爱不释手,把该系列的地理和文艺部分也一起下单购买了。
  •   对于孩子来说可读性比较强,对世界的发展历史有个大概了解,但是要对英语不错的孩子才有用,毕竟是双语。有点奇怪,两本书不厚,为什么亚马逊要把图片弄得像很厚的两本书呢,这是视觉欺骗。除去这一点,总体是不错的。
  •   书的内容很幼稚,还是给中小学生看吧
  •   阅读起来很轻松排版方式很好,每一个章节先读一遍英文,再扫下中文释义看有没有理解错误的地方,既学习了阅读翻译又补充了背景知识。很棒的一套书。
  •   先买了本中文的,看完后送给朋友了,这次买了套中英文的,让小孩阅读英文。已经读完了。自己也从中学到不少知识。
  •   弟弟读了很喜欢,语言易懂,有助于英语学习
  •   毕竟是写给小孩子的观点什么的就不必强求了
  •   适合中学生看。没有图,只有文字,中英双语版。
  •   这本书不失为一本提高英语阅读能力的业余读物哟
  •   内容很丰富,可能语言方面小朋友不是很适应西方人谈话写作的形式,原话是“他们外国人都好扯的,一大堆废话”。我觉得篇幅有点长,当然中文的话是没问题的,但英文的话,小朋友一篇读起来要很久。
  •   没有通览全书,但前言已窥出本书独特的价值:真实- 既是历史,便不该粉饰,更容不得虚构,否则便是小说了,该书较真实;语言- 无论学生,还是学者,地道的语言是极大的诱惑了。
  •   我必须要说这个中英文的设计太蛋疼!2页英文2页中文的!
  •   不一样的经典
  •   装帧粗糙
  •   很不错!值得入手⊙.⊙
  •   原版教材好啊
  •   很好,在书城看到了
  •   学英语,了解历史
 

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