从语言到语用

出版时间：2009-11  出版社：厦门大学出版社  作者：黄清贵  页数：427  

前言

　　黄清贵先生在硕士研究生期间是我的学生，我对他颇为了解。他上进好学，勤于钻研，虽长期身处一所地方本科院校，所需资料较为缺乏，前沿学术资讯的获取也较为不便，但到底天道酬勤，2005年他终于获取了前往美国纽约州立大学访学的机会，系统地学习钻研语言学知识和理论。　　他多年来一直笔耕不辍的精神着实令我感动，尤其是这三年多来，为了写作此书，除了平时在工作之余投入大量的时间以外，他连续三个暑假和寒假的时间几乎都在办公室里度过。为此，当他真诚地向我提出为其书作序的请求时，我欣然应允。　　看得出来，《从语言到语用：理论与实践》确实凝聚了他的辛勤汗水，也显见其付出了独立思考的努力。该书的章节编排乍看之下确有如作者所言“杂酱缸”之嫌，但听了他详细的解释和他在前言部分的表述，顿觉他如此一番苦心孤诣的安排不无道理，该书对于普通本科院校高年级学生或其他具有同等知识水平的初学者来说确实是很值得一读的。况且，该书也是学术含量较高的一本专著，特别是在第三部分的语用学章节里，他的不少观点是颇有学术见地的，所举例证不但丰富，而且典型、有趣，并能利用他扎实的日语功底，结合汉语和英语，在语用对比方面做了不少令人耳目一新的有益探索；第四部分收录的他多年来的学术研究成果也显然都是他独立思考与探索的结果，与时下一些因耽于功利而未经独立思考急蹴而就的文章相比，可谓难能可贵，而且，从文章语言表达来看，也显示出他扎实的汉语表达能力和功底，很少出现当下并不鲜见的“欧化语言”现象，这也是值得大力提倡的做法。

内容概要

　　该书是学术含量较高的一本专著，特别是在第三部分的语用学章节里，他的不少观点是颇有学术见地的，所举例证不但丰富，而且典型、有趣，并能利用他扎实的日语功底，结合汉语和英语，在语用对比方面做了不少令人耳目一新的有益探索；第四部分收录的他多年来的学术研究成果也显然都是他独立思考与探索的结果，与时下一些因耽于功利而未经独立思考急蹴而就的文章相比，可谓难能可贵，而且，从文章语言表达来看，也显示出他扎实的汉语表达能力和功底，很少出现当下并不鲜见的“欧化语言”现象，这也是值得大力提倡的做法。

书籍目录

序前言Part I LanguageChapter 1 Importance of Language/3l.1 Importance of Language/31.2 Functions of Language/4Chapter 2 Definition of Language and Its Classifications/112.1 Definition of Language/112.2 Classifications of Language/13Chapter 3 Properties of Language/193.1 Arbitrariness of Language/203.2 Duality of Language/253.3 Creativity of Language/273.4 Displacement of Language/28Part II LinguisticsChapter 1 A Brief Introduction to linguistics/331.1 Definition of Linguistics/341.2 A Brief History of Linguistics/35Chapter 2 Main Branches of Linguistics/402.1 Phonetics/402.2 Phonology/412.3 Morphology/422.4 Syntax/432.5 Semantics/462.6 Pragmatics/49Chapter 3 Macrolinguistics/513.1 Sociolinguistics/523.2 Psyeholinguisties/533.3 Anthropological Linguistics/543.4 Fuzzy Linguistics/553.5 Applied Linguistics/563.6 Computational Linguistics/57，Part Ⅲ PragmaticsChapter 1 A General View of Pragmatics/611.1 Wastebasket of Pragmatics/611.2 Context in Pragmatics/631.3 History and Definition of Pragmatics/691.4 Why the Necessity of Pragmatics Study? /72Chapter 2 Some Important Terms in Pragmatics/762.1 Proposition， Truth Conditions and Propositional Logic/762.2 Deixis and Reference/792.2.1 Deixis/792.2.2 Reference/862.3 Anaphora， Cataphora and Principle of Eeonomy/912.4 Presupposition/952.4.1 Presupposition and Entailment/962.4.2 Properties of Presupposition/982.4.3 Types of Presupposition/1022.5 Inference/1042.6 Salient Meaning/110Chapter 3 Speech Act/ll23.1 Introduction/1123.2 Constative and Performative/ll43.3 Explicit Performatives and Implicit Performatives/1153.4 IFIDs and Felicities/1163.5 Locutionary， Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts/1233.6 Speech Act Classification/1243.6.1 Austins Classification of Speech Acts/1243.6.2 Searles Classification of Speech Acts/1283.6.3 Assessment and Criticism of Speech Act Theory/131Chapter 4 Cooperative Principle/1374.1 Cooperation and Cooperative Principle/1374.2 Conversational Implicature/1454.2.1 Generalized Conversational Implicatures/1494.2.2 Particularized Conversational Implicatures/1504.2.3 Properties of Conversational Implicatures/1524.3 Conventional Implieatures/1554.4 Cooperation， Implicatures and Metaphor/1584.5 Development of Cooperative Principle/1604.5.1 Criticism of Gricean CP/1604.5.2 Horns Theory on Conversational Implicatures/1624.5.3 Levinsons Theory on Conversational Implicatures/1714.5.3.1 Q-implicatures/1734.5.3.2 I-implicatures/1764.5.3.3 M-implicatures/178Chapter 5 Politeness Principle and Face-saving Theory/1815.1 Politeness Principle (PP)/1815.1.1 Background to Politeness Principle/1815.1.2 Main Contents of Politeness Principle/1865.1.2.1 Definition and Function/1865.1.2.2 Illocutionary Functions and Maxims of the PP/1885.1.2.2.1 Illocutionary Functions and Politeness/1885.1.2.2.2 Maxims of the PP/1895.1.3 Some Key Aspects to the Understanding of the PP/2015.1.3.1 Difference in the Importance of the Maxims and Sub-maxims/2015.1.3.2 Degree of Politeness/2045.1.3.3 Politeness and Context/2045.1.3.4 Politeness and Culture/2085.1.3.5 Metalingnistic Aspects of Politeness/2105.2 "Face-saving" Theory (FST)/2125.2.1 A Brief Introduction to FST/2125.2.2 Face-Threatening Act (FIA)/2145.2.3 Redressive Strategies/2155.2.3.1 Bald-on-record Strategy ( without Redressive Action)/2155.2.3.2 Positive Politeness Strategy/2165.2.3.3 Negative Politeness Strategy/2205.2.3.4 Off-record Strategy/2215.2.3.5 Dont-do-the-FTA Strategy/2245.2.4 Computing Weightiness of an FTA/2245.3 Conclusion/225Chapter 6 Relevance Theory/2286.1 Key Terms in RT/2296.1.1 Code Model & Inferential Mode/2296.1.2 Context/2306.1.3 Cognitive Environments & Manifestness/2326.1.4 Ostension & Ostensive-Inferential Communication/2356.1.5 Informative Intention & Communicative Intention/2366.1.6 Contextual Effects & Processing Efforts/238……Part IV Practice： Some Papers on Pragmatics ResearchBibfiography/404Glossary/410

章节摘录

　　Another important step related to the enrichment of the context incommunication is the choice of context. In RT, "context" is a fluidnotion, which can be extended until the hearer finds the interpretation thatis optimally relevant to the context. Like what we mentioned above, inaddition to linguistic decoding, the selection of one interpretation ratherthan another involves contextualfactors :general encyclopaedicinformation, short-term memory store, and, the immediate context. Allthese factors combine together, intersect and interact, and yield a range ofpossible contexts, and in the process of searching for relevance, aparticular context is chosen out of that range, which at last helps the hearerto reach the right interpretation of the speakers utterance.　　The extension of the immediately given context lies in three ways（Sperber & Wilson, 1986:140 - 141 ）.　　Firstly, the hearer may have to include in the context not only theinterpretation of the immediate preceding utterance, but also theinterpretation of utterances occurring earlier in the exchange, i.e. theinformation stored in the hearers short-term memory. Scenario 9 is thevery example in this case.　　Secondly, to extend the context, the hearer may have to add to it theencyclopaedic entries （or possibly smaller chunks of encyclopaedicinformation, taken from these entries） of concepts already present either inthe context or in the assumption being processed. For example.