物理化学

出版时间：2012-12  出版社：清华大学出版社  作者：礼维恩  页数：989  

前言

　　随着经济全球化、教育国际化趋势的逐渐增强，迫切需要既精通专业知识又精通外语的高素质人才。化学是自然科学的“中心学科”，高等化学教育应面向世界，适应时代的需要，吸收国外先进的教学理念和教育教学形式，培养学生适应国际形势需要的综合素质。　　为反映国外化学类教材的最新内容和编写风格，同时也为提高学生阅读专业文献和获取信息的能力，为高等学校使用英文原版教材进行双语教学服务，我们精选了国外优秀的化学类教材，组成“国外高校优秀化学教材——影印版”，本书即为其中的一册。所选教材均在国外广泛采用，多数已再版，书中不仅介绍了有关概念、原理及应用，给出了丰富的实例和数据，还反映了作者不同的学术观点。　　我们希望这套丛书的出版能对高等学校师生有所帮助，并对我国高等化学教育的发展做出贡献。

内容概要

　　《国外高校优秀化学教材（影印版）：物理化学（第6版）》为高等学校物理化学课程教材。《国外高校优秀化学教材（影印版）：物理化学（第6版）》系统介绍了物理化学的基本原理，内容安排以学生学习为导向。通过清晰解释、逐步推导，提及必要的数学物理知识，并避免较难的数学工具，使学生易于理解。书中含大量例题，各章后安排小结、习题及测试题。　　《国外高校优秀化学教材（影印版）：物理化学（第6版）》主要内容包括：热力学，热力学第一定律，热力学第二定律，物质平衡，反应的标准热力学函数，理想气体混合反应平衡，单组分的相平衡和表面，真实气体，溶液，非理想溶液，非理想体系反应平衡，多组分的相平衡，电化学，气体的动力学理论，传递过程，反应动力学，量子力学，原子结构，分子电子结构，光谱和光化学，统计力学，反应速率理论，固体和液体。

作者简介

作者：（美国）礼维恩（Ira N.Levine）

书籍目录

Preface Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS 1.1 Physical Chemistry 1.2 Thermodynamics 1.3 Temperature 1.4 The Mole 1.5 Ideal Gases 1.6 Differential Calculus 1.7 Equations of State 1.8 Integral Calculus 1.9 Study Suggestions 1.10 Summary Chapter 2 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 Classical Mechanics 2.2 P-V Work 2.3 Heat 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Enthalpy 2.6 Heat Capacities 2.7 The Joule and Joule-Thomson Experiments 2.8 Perfect Gases and the First Law 2.9 Calculation of First-Law Quantities 2.10 State Functions and Line Integrals 2.11 The Molecular Nature of Internal Energy 2.12 Problem Solving 2.13 Summary Chapter 3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 3.2 Heat Engines 3.3 Entropy 3.4 Calculation of Entropy Changes 3.5 Entropy,Reversibility,and Irreversibility 3.6 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 3.7 What Is Entropy? 3.8 Entropy,Time,and Cosmology 3.9 Summary Chapter 4 MATERIAL EQUILIBRIUM 4.1 Material Equilibrium 4.2 Entropy and Equilibrium 4.3 The Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies 4.4 Thermodynamic Relations for a System in Equilibrium 4.5 Calculation of Changes in State Functions 4.6 Chemical Potentials and Material Equilibrium 4.7 Phase Equilibrium 4.8 Reaction Equilibrium 4.9 Entropy and Life 4.10 Summary Chapter 5 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF REACTION 5.1 Standard States of Pure Substances 5.2 Standard Enthalpy of Reaction 5.3 Standard Enthalpy of Formation 5.4 Determination of Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction 5.5 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Heats 5.6 Use of a Spreadsheet to Obtain a Polynomial Fit 5.7 Conventional Entropies and the Third Law 5.8 Standard Gibbs Energy of Reaction 5.9 Thermodynamics Tables 5.10 Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties 5.11 The Unattainability of Absolute Zero 5.12 Summary Chapter 6 REACTION EQUILIBRIUM IN IDEAL GAS MIXTURES 6.1 Chemical Potentials in an Ideal Gas Mixture 6.2 Ideal-Gas Reaction Equilibrium 6.3 Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant 6.4 Ideal-Gas Equilibrium Calculations 6.5 Simultaneous Equilibria 6.6 Shifts in Ideal-Gas Reaction Equilibria 6.7 Summary Chapter 7 ONE'COMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND SURFACES 7.1 The Phase Rule 7.2 One-Component Phase Equilibrium 7.3 The Clapeyron Equation 7.4 Solid-Solid Phase Transitions 7.5 Higher-Order Phase Transitions 7.6 Surfaces and Nanoparticles 7.7 The Interphase Region 7.8 Curved Interfaces 7.9 Colloids 7.10 Summary Chapter 8 REAL GASES 8.1 Compression Factors 8.2 Real-Gas Equations of State 8.3 Condensation 8.4 Critical Data and Equations of State 8.5 Calculation of Liquid-Vapor Equilibria 8.6 The Critical State 8.7 The Law of Corresponding States 8.8 Differences Between Real-Gas and Ideal-Gas Thermodynamic Properties 8.9 Taylor Series 8.10 Summary Chapter 9 SOLUTIONS 9.1 Solution Composition 9.2 Partial Molar Quantities 9.3 Mixing Quantities 9.4 Determination of Partial Molar Quantities 9.5 Ideal Solutions 9.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Solutions 9.7 Ideally Dilute Solutions 9.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideally Dilute Solutions 9.9 Summary Chapter 10 NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS 10.1 Activities and Activity Coefficients 10.2 Excess Functions 10.3 Determination of Activities and Activity Coefficients 10.4 Activity Coefficients on the Molality and Molar Concentration Scales 10.5 Solutions of Electrolytes 10.6 Determination of Electrolyte Activity Coefficients 10.7 The Debye-Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions 10.8 Ionic Association 10.9 Standard-State Thermodynamic Properties of Solution Components 10.10 Nonideal Gas Mixtures 10.11 Summary Chapter 11 REACTION EQUILIBRIUM IN NONIDEAL SYSTEMS 11.1 The Equilibrium Constant 11.2 Reaction Equilibrium in Nonelectrolyte Solutions 11.3 Reaction Equilibrium in Electrolyte Solutions 11.4 Reaction Equilibria Involving Pure Solids or Pure Liquids 11.5 Reaction Equilibrium in Nonideal Gas Mixtures 11.6 Computer Programs for Equilibrium Calculations 11.7 Temperature and Pressure Dependences of the Equilibrium Constant 11.8 Summary of Standard States 11.9 Gibbs Energy Change for a Reaction 11.10 Coupled Reactions 11.11 Summary Chapter 12 MULTICOMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 12.1 Colligative Properties 12.2 Vapor-Pressure Lowering 12.3 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation 12.4 Osmotic Pressure 12.5 Two-Component Phase Diagrams 12.6 Two-Component Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium 12.7 Two-Component Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 12.8 Two-Component Solid-Liquid Equilibrium 12.9 Structure of Phase Diagrams 12.10 Solubility 12.11 Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams 12.12 Three-Component Systems 12.13 Summary Chapter 13 ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS 13.1 Electrostatics 13.2 Electrochemical Systems 13.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems 13.4 Galvanic Cells 13.5 Types of Reversible Electrodes 13.6 Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells 13.7 Standard Electrode Potentials 13.8 Liquid-Junction Potentials 13.9 Applications of EMF Measurements 13.10 Batteries 13.11 Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes 13.12 Membrane Equilibrium 13.13 The Electrical Double Layer 13.14 Dipole Moments and Polarization 13.15 Bioelectrochemistry 13.16 Summary …… Chapter 14 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Chapter 15 TRANSPORT PROCESSES Chapter 16 REACTION KINETICS Chapter 17 QUANTUM MECHANICS Chapter 18 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Chapter 19 MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE Chapter 20 SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY Chapter 21 STATISTICAL MECHANICS Chapter 22 THEORIES OF REACTION RATES Chapter 23 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS Bibliography Appendix Answers to Selected Problems Index

章节摘录

版权页：   插图：   The laser system is contained in a cylindrical cavity whose ends have parallel mirrors.A few photons are spontaneously emitted as molecules go from state 2 to state 1.Those emitted at an angle to the cylinder's axis pass out of the system and play no part in the laser action.Those emitted along the laser axis travel back and forth between the end mirrors and stimulate emission of further photons of frequency(E2-E1)/h.The presence of the end mirrors makes the laser a resonant optical cavity in which a standing-wave pattern is produced.If l is the distance between the mirrors,only light of wavelength λ such that nλ/2 is equal to l,where n is an integer,will resonate in the cavity.This makes the laser radiation nearly monochromatic(single-frequency).(Ordinarily,a given transition in a collection of molecules is spread over a range of frequencies,as a result of various effects;see Hollas,sec.2.3.)One of the end mirrors is made partially transmitting to allow some of the laser radiation to leave the cavity. The laser output is highly monochromatic,highly directional,intense,and coherent.Coherent means the phase of the radiation varies smoothly and nonrandomly along the beam.These properties make possible many applications in spectroscopy and kinetics.Thousands of different lasers exist.The material in which the laser action occurs may be a solid,liquid,or gas.The frequency emitted may lie in the infrared,visible,or ultraviolet region.The laser light may be emitted as a brief pulse (recall the use of lasers in flash photolysis-Sec.16.14),or it may be continuously emitted,giving a CW (continuous wave) laser.Most lasers emit light of fixed frequency,but by using a tunable dye laser or tunable semiconductor laser,one can vary the frequency that will resonate in the cavity.Kinds of lasers.A solid-state metal-ion laser contains a transparent crystal or glass to which a small amount of an ionic transition-metal or rare-earth compound has beenadded.For example,the ruby laser contains an Al2O3 crystal with a small amount of Cr2O3;the Cr3+ ions substitute for some of the Al3+ ions in the crystal structure.The Nd:YAG laser contains an yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal (Y3Al5O12) with impurity Nd3+ ions substituting for some y3+ ions.The laser action involves electronic energy levels of the Cr3+ or Nd3+ ions in the crystal (electric) field of the host crystal.These lasers are usually pumped by a surrounding flashlamp to achieve population inversion.Small Nd:YAG CW lasers are pumped by semiconductor-laser light.

编辑推荐

《国外高校优秀化学教材:物理化学(第6版)(影印版)》为高等学校物理化学课程教材。书中不仅介绍了有关概念、原理及应用，给出了丰富的实例和数据，还反映了作者不同的学术观点。

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