语言研究

出版时间:2000-8-1  出版社:牛津大学出版社  作者:George Yule  页数:299  
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内容概要

《语言研究》是一本专为语言学初学者编写的入门教材。全书共分二十一章。作者以科学、客观的态度把人类关于语言的研究做了一番详细、全面的介绍,几乎涉及语言研究的所有领域。有些领域甚至分得非常细,如构词法和形态学专辟两章,语法和句法专辟两章,语用学和话语分析也分两章介绍。全书的语言朴实易懂,没有用新奇的术语唬人。为便于读者学习,每章还配有许多思考题和习题。    该书介绍的语言研究涵盖传统语言学(如语言文字学、历史语言学)和现代西方语言学诸领域。但是作者不以流派分章节,重在介绍现代语言学,兼顾传统语言学;既注重知识的系统性,又顾及到内容的趣味性。例如,作者在论述语言的属性之后意犹未尽,又辟一章举数例说明人和动物之间在交际和学习语言方面的根本差异:灵长目动物黑猩猩虽然能理解一些极基本的符号,但是它们的交际能力与人类的语言能力不可同日而语。

书籍目录

王宗炎序导读PrefacePreface to second edition1 The origins of language2 The development of writing3 The properties of language4 Animals and human language5 The sounds of language6 The sound patterns of language7 Words and word-formation processes8 Morpology9 Phrases and sentences:grammar10 Syntax11 Semantics12 Pragmatics13 Discourse analysis14 Language and machines15 Language and the brain16 First language acquisition17 Second language acquisition/learning18 Sign language19 Language history and change\20 Language varieties21 Language,society and cultureAppendixReferencesIndex文库索引

章节摘录

  From this diagram,we can say that "horse is a hyponym of animal" or that ‘ant is a hyponym of insect'.We can also say that two or more terms which share the same superordinate (lugher-up) term are co-hyponyms. So,horse and dog are co-hyponyms, and the superordinate term is animal.  The relation of hyponymy captures the idea of'is a kind of', as when you give the meaning of a word by saying "an asp is a kind of snake".lt is often the case that the only thing some people know about the meaning of a word in their language is that it is a hyponym of another term. That is, you may know notlung more about the meaning of asp other than that it is a kind of snake.  It is worth emphasizing that.it is not only words for‘things' that are hyponyms. Terms for actions, such as cut, punch, shoot and stab, can all be found as co-hyponyms of the superordinate term injure.  Prototypes  While the words canary, dove, duck, flamingo, parrot, pelican, robin, swal-low and thrush are all equally co-hyponyms of the superordinate bird, they are not all considered to be equally good exemplars of the category ‘bird'.For'many American English speakers, the best exemplar, or the prototype, of‘bird' is the robin.The concept of a prototype helps explain the mearung of certain words, like bird, not in terms of component features (e.g.‘has feathers',‘has wings'), but in terms of resemblance to the clearest exemplar. Thus, even native speakers of English nught wonder if ostrich and penguin should be hyponyms of bird (technically, they are), but have no trouble deciding about sparrow or prgeon.The last two are much closer to the proto-type.  Given the category label furniture, we are quicker to recognize chair as an exemplar than bench or stool. Given clothing, people recognize shirts quicker than shoes,and given vegetable,they accept carrot before potato or tomato.lt is obvious that there is some general pattern to the categorization process involved in prototypes and that it determines our interpretation of word meaning. However, this is one area where individual experience results in variation in interpretation, as when people disagree about whether tomato is a fruit or a vegetable.  Homophony, homonymy and polysemy  There are three other, less well-known terms which are often used to describe relationships among words in a language. The first of these is homophony. When two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation,they are described as homophones. Some examples are bare - bear, meat-meet, ftour flower,pail-pale, sew-so.  The term homonymy is used when one form (written and spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings. Examples of homonyms are the pairs bank (of a river) - bank (financialinstitution), bat (flying creature) - bat (used in sports), race (contest of speed) - race (ethnic group), pupll (at school)-pupil (in the eye) and mole (on skin) - mole (small animaI).The temptation is to think that the two types of bank must be related in meaning.They are not. Homonyms are words which have quite separate meanings, but which have accidentally come to have exactly the same form.  Relatedness of meaning accompanying identical form is technically known as polysemy, which can be defined as one form (written or spoken)having multiple meanings which are all related by extension. Examples are the word head,used to refer to the object on top of your body, on top of a glass of beer, on top of a company or department; or foot (of person, of bed, of mountain),or run (person does,water does,colors do).  The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is not always clear cut. However,one indication of the distinction can be found in the typical dictio-nary entry for words. If a word has multiple meanings (polysenuc), then there will be a single entry,with a numbered list of the different meanings of the word.lf two words are treated as homonyms,they will typically have two separate entries.You could check in your dictionary and probably find that the different meanings of words like head, get, run, face and foot are treated as examples of polysemy, whereas mail, bank, sole and mole are treated as examples of homonymy.  ……

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用户评论 (总计112条)

 
 

  •   东西很好,适合考研的人用,只是语言研究和语言学入门都是英语,有点晕
  •   本书用简单的语言将现代与经典语言学的各个分支及研究对象和方法展现在读者面前,难得难得。。。
  •   文章内容不难,语言简单易懂。挺有帮助的,但比较基础,适合语言学入门。
  •   这本书很全面,语言简单、有趣,将枯燥的语言学变得生动,语言学专业的入门书。
  •   语言学的入门书,吧所有分支介绍了一下 希望初学者不要太较真,看得太慢。
  •   语言学的书一起买了两本,另一本是语言学入门,虽然叫入门但是不是很好懂啊,长句好多,要看几遍才明白。相比起来这本就易懂多了,更喜欢这一本
  •   这本书是比较基础的介绍了语言学的相关领域。其中包含了大量的概念,可以为读难度更好的语言学书籍打好基础,而在难度高些的语言学书籍里有些概念是没有解释的。这是一本很好的语言学起步书籍,推荐。英语语言学考研的同学们可以看看,作为前阶段打基础用。
  •   书很好,对学习语言学很有帮助,较易理解
  •   个人认为本书对英语专业语言学学习有帮助,书的质量好,送书非常及时。赞一下!唯一一点不足是当当网一些缺货的书籍更新的有些慢。
  •   书的内容很新,简明的阐述了语言学的相关要点,语言学分支也很全面,很好的书。
  •   这本书真的很适合初学语言学的同学看,通俗易懂!是一本很好的书,考研的同学可以看看!
  •   前天买了一本,但是书皮是坏的,所以退了又买了一本,很经典的教材,北外语言学研究生指定教材,准备细细研读
  •   这个系列的语言学教材都不错,将来考研要用,呵呵
  •   要靠语言学的同学看一看挺好的。毕竟每部书的侧重点不一样,可以用来互补一下。这本比较通俗一些。写的比较有趣!
  •   书很好,是学语言学必用之书,很全面。很喜欢
  •   英语专业,以后考研语言学,这是老师推荐的一本书,应该不错!
  •   比胡壮麟的语言学看着要有趣些,挺好的
  •   外国语言学家写的书,适合有一定语言学基础的
  •   语言学素材积累,很好。
  •   这么经典的书 学语言学的必备嘛。
  •   书的难度较大。大三修语言学时,老师说还是比较难的。term很多
  •   对于初学语言学的同学来书,挺受用的。
  •   一本挺基础的一本语言学的书
  •   语言研究是我英语专业考研制定教材,我从当当网上买的,质量很好,谢谢
  •   非常有用,观点很独特!符合语言研究新方向!
  •   首先邮寄速度————10多天~~~~~ 等的很纠结~~~~~~
    其次语言研究这本书很好的 , 不过 英国文学一看就不是正版啦~~~~~~~
  •   这本书写的很通俗易懂,语言也比较简单,面比较全,但是不够深入,可以多参考一些其他的书籍很这本一起
  •   语言幽默,化难为简,适合考研。
  •   相当不错的一本书,从各个角度来剖析语言,很长见识。谢谢!
  •   做研究就应该多读学术专著,尤其是国外的,毕竟现在中国创新力还是不够
  •   入门读物,涉及的范围很广,值得学习~!
  •   送货快,内容简单,适合刚入门看
  •   对于入门学生来说,很实用,举例丰富,解释清晰,有条理,就是不太连贯系统
  •   很好的一本书,全新的,送货也很快,我由于送货时没在,当当就给我送了两次,服务很好值得信赖
  •   这本书讲解全面,内容通俗易懂。
  •   直接看原文 ,很棒的书,会帮助引导读者思考的书,简单易懂。有例子。。
  •   羞愧得很,为考研复试买来的书,却只看了前言(我所报学院要求胡壮麟的那本)。但我们其他学院的同学对这本书的评价很高,适合初学者。
  •   系统 有证有例
  •   很多高校的考研参考书,个人感觉比胡壮麟写的好多了。简单易懂,符合认知规律
  •   写得非常有趣,有几次不禁笑出声来,简单易懂,明了
  •   书很好,又是老师上课用的教材
  •   和胡的比起来,这本书可以当做补充教材看看,比较初级
  •   原来看过一遍了,但当时是看的扫描版的,觉得书不错干脆买一本,很多好学校考研都指定这本书呢~~比胡壮麟的要简单,更好理解~不过你如果把胡的书看懂,这本书很快就能搞定~
  •   书还不错 但是要慢慢看慢慢理解吧 考研用的
  •   很受用~质量也比另外基本好一些~
  •   感觉是正版吧,反正各方面都不错
  •   包装很精美 虽然还没开始看 但是整体感觉很好 印刷各方面都不错 建议购买
  •   质量不错,里面的知识很有挑战性啊
  •   内容很简单,不全
  •   这个商品不错,考试指定用书。内容还没看,不过权威专业书籍应该不错吧。
  •   挺好的,质量不错,内容也挺好~
  •   是学校的指定书籍,内容挺容易懂的,但是条理性,真够呛
  •   书的送货速度很快,书的质量也很好,刚刚读了几页,内容很好,比胡壮麟的那本书好多了,但应该各有所长吧
  •   书质量不错,正版!内容挺期待的!!
  •   就是看起来很费力 字太小 内容不粗
  •   内容很好,值得拥有。难易程度适中,很适合英语专业的人士阅读
  •   还不错吧,发货超快
  •   当当的发货速度一直很给力,必须赞!书也很好,需要慢慢琢磨着看
  •   质量很好! 考研学校的参考书目,拿到书 准备复习了。。
  •   很好,很实用,编排的很好。
  •   是考研指定用书,质量还不错
  •   书的质量很不错,用着很方便。
  •   非常好,全英文
  •   质量挺好的,考研用的
  •   考研用的,还不错,全英文的
  •   还木有看呢~~~应该还可以吧~~
  •   有点难懂耶
  •   挺容易懂的,列举了很多例子,我很喜欢
  •   这本书很好 就是有点小贵
  •   写得深入浅出,比国内的语言学家写得好
  •   考试用的,送货挺快的
  •   这本书内页有几处污渍,其它的都挺好的。
  •   还没开始用 买来假期自习
  •   才看了一点点 嘿嘿 不过感觉着本书还是蛮好的 考研需要奥~
  •   这本书值得一看,对英语专业的同学比较有用
  •   整个购书过程很顺利!发货送货超快!
  •   书很好,包装完美,小巧便捷
  •   对考研很有帮助的书,书的质量也很好
  •   质量不错,包装也挺好~~
    忙晕了,过了好久才想起来评价
  •   刚到,看着质量很好
  •   耐心阅读 必定收获
  •   对英语专业考研很有帮助。不错
  •   考研的补充书籍
  •   认真看,明年要派上用场!!!
  •   书可以,整体不错,但收到时,有点起皱了。。
  •   物流不给力,不过阿姨挺好的。
  •   帮朋友买的 朋友说质量不错 是正版
  •   這本跟胡壯麟的對比內容簡單很多但不詳細
  •   书是买对了,但是如果有参考书更好
  •   质量很好,不错的一本书。
  •   全英的,除了目录,还有一年考研给自己加油
  •   大家的作品就是好就是好哇。
  •   前面有导读看了看还是很好的
    但是全英文的正文,还是小有压力
  •   正版,活动周物流有点慢
  •   我还没买就要写评论。。。。
  •   时不我待
  •   书都用塑料纸包了的,所以都没有缺损,很好
  •   纸张还可以,印刷有点马虎,总体还行,有点贵,呵呵,
  •   书很好,是英语考研的首选。质量也好,绝对正版。给个好评。
  •   为考研买的书!好
 

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